Task as a promising area of study has contributed to a wealth of the literature in the field of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) over the years. LENGTH CONSTRAINT as task demand is one of the under-investigated areas of task performance. It refers to the restriction placed on the amount of spoken content, encouraging brevity and conciseness. For the purpose of the study, 23 EFL university students (10 male and 13 female) participated in the study. Adopting a within-subjects design, an oral reproduction text was chosen as an instrument in the form of a narrative retelling task to compare the participants task-prompted complexity, accuracy, lexis and fluency across LENGTH-constrained and non-LENGTH-CONSTRAINT performances. MANOVA results revealed that LENGTH CONSTRAINT as the independent variable influenced EFL learners’ narrative retellings when the four dependent variables of complexity, accuracy, lexis and fluency were taken together. However, LENGTH CONSTRAINT was shown to have variable effect on the aspects of retelling performance. Positive significant differences were obtained regarding promoting accuracy and fluency, but not about complexity and lexis. Implications of the study are discussed in the light of theoretical and empirical claims in the literature.

In this paper an uncertain multi objective closed-loop supply chain is developed. The first objective function is maximizing the total profit. The second objective function is minimizing the use of row materials. In the other word, the second objective function is maximizing the amount of remanufacturing and recycling. Genetic algorithm is used for optimization; and for finding the pareto optimal line, Epsilon-CONSTRAINT method is used. Finally a numerical example is solved with proposed approach and performance of the model is evaluated in different sizes. The results show that this approach is effective and useful for managerial decisions.

Constrain is the condition of driven by necessity. The principle of CONSTRAINT determines the duties of the person constrained. In jurisprudence, it includes a range of activities from cleanness to blood compensation. However, jurisprudents have discussed it mainly with regard to those that can be eaten and drunk, and presented three different interpretations: fear of losing one"s life; fear in general, including fear of losing one"s life, or one"s limb, etc.; and fear of things not related to oneself but to others. The roots of CONSTRAINT are compulsion, precautionary concealment, loss and necessity. The present article deals with a kind of CONSTRAINT whose source is necessiy. The Qur"an has explicitly excused the person constrained from duties provided that the oppressor shows no inclination to sin. Tradition says that "there is so unlawful act that God Almighty has not made it permissible under CONSTRAINT." The intellect also knows it permissible to give up necessary duties and to do the unlawful acts under CONSTRAINT. Finally, the writer presents the conditions under which the application of the principle of constrain is made permissible.

Introduction: Central vein catheterization is a standard clinical method for central venous pressure monitoring besides being used for other therapeutic purposes. The present guidelines recommend to place the catheter tip in the superior vena cava above the pericardial cephalic reflection. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of two different approaches in locating the tip of the CVC at the suggested vascular zone.Material and methods: This was an interventional study on 100 patients undergoing CABG operation who required a central venous cannulation. They were randomly assigned into two groups. In the first group catheter placement was applied through using the conventional 15 cm method. In the second group a CLENGTH method was applied for measuring the depth of catheter tip insertion from the preoperative chest radiographs. For statistical analysis Chi-square test and T-test were used (SPSS v.22 software).Results: In the first group (15 cm) 100% of the patients had their catheters placed below the C-line (Carina line) and the average distance between the catheter tip and the C-line was 4.22±2.10 cm. In the second (CLENGTH) group 52% of the catheters were below C-line with an average distance of 0.77±0.5 cm. There was a meaningful difference between the two groups in respect to the catheter location depth and zone placement. (P=0.00) Conclusion: The C-LENGTH approach in comparison to the conventional 15 cm approach resulted in a considerable higher number of catheters above the recommended C-line, thus it can provide a more reliable and safe mode for CVC placement in the SVC.

The concept of design is associated with the notion of CONSTRAINT as a limiting factor, and the search for the CONSTRAINT in the design process is essential in design research. This study applies the ontological method to define the domain and scope of CONSTRAINTs, their classes and subclasses, and how to apply them. We concluded that there are two types of CONSTRAINTs in design: inside the designer’, s mind or internal CONSTRAINT and outside it or external CONSTRAINT. Each of these is classified into two subclasses: internal CONSTRAINTs can be divided into deduced and subject CONSTRAINTs, and external CONSTRAINTs are categorised into imposed and intrinsic CONSTRAINTs. In the end, we proposed a model that shows that designers can identify, choose, manage, and even generate CONSTRAINTs in the design process to facilitate the restructuring of the design problem, which helps them solve the design problem.

This study aims to describe and explain the metanarrative of the fundamental idea and concept of authority in traditional societies, art, and architecture. There is much evidence that the formation of art and architecture, the socio-professional organisation of craftsmen, class structure, and behaviours of the traditional societies was based on a hierarchical pyramid system of patterns or spiritual and material references. Based on the historical interpretation methods, this article investigates the role and influence of the three sources, namely, metaphysics, nature (macrocosm), and humans (microcosm), together with all the concepts, principles, and elements related to them on the theory and practice of artisans/ architects. The findings show that these authoritative sources, who reach a sacred status in a hierarchical system, have control over the formation of art/ architecture and the artisans' professional life. Indeed, the idea of authority played a decisive role and authority in organising the structure and content of artisans' guilds, granting holiness and legitimacy to their craft, determining authoritative models and patterns, and judging them. It seems that the theoretical formulation of the idea of authority and the concept of hierarchy of authoritative sources, in addition to describing some manners and principles of traditional professions, can provide a new explanation of the theoretical origins of the creation of form in the world of tradition.